What Were Styles Of Makeup Used On People During 1100 Ad

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least vii,000 years and is present in about every society on earth. Cosmetic trunk art is argued to take been the earliest class of a ritual in human culture. The prove for this comes in the form of utilised blood-red mineral pigments (red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Human being sapiens in Africa.^{[i] [2] [iii] [4] [5] [vi]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Former Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes various beauty treatments as well.

Cosmetics were also used in aboriginal Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented brand up including lead-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and kohl to line the optics.^[vii]

Across the world [edit]

Due north Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

One of the earliest cultures to apply cosmetics was ancient Egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to heighten their appearance. The utilise of cosmetics in Ancient Arab republic of egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in north Africa. The use of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colours such equally blue, cherry, and black was common, and was normally recorded and represented in Egyptian art, as well every bit being seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Aboriginal Egyptians also extracted red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} simply this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales, which are yet used extensively today.^[8] Despite the chancy nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was also thought to take antibacterial backdrop that helped forbid infections.^[9] Remedies to treat wrinkles independent ingredients such as gum of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was fabricated of cerise ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative treatment was a poultice of carob grounds and dear, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To ameliorate breath the ancient Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is all the same in use today. Jars of what could exist compared with setting lotion have been found to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled equally remedies for issues such as alopecia and greying hair. They likewise used these products on their mummies, because they believed that it would make them irresistible in the after life.

Middle Due east [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Quondam Attestation, such as in 2 Kings 9:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are besides mentioned in the volume of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

Communist china [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative part in China. Legend has it that once on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace about the plum copse later on wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted downward onto her off-white face, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.^{[10] [xi] [12]} The courtroom ladies were said to be then impressed, that they started decorating their ain foreheads with a small-scale fragile plum blossom blueprint.^{[10] [xi] [13]} This is likewise the mythical origin of the floral way, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became pop amid ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [fourteen]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted carmine spots on the center of their cheeks, correct nether their eyes. However, it is a mystery why. They said that red cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ citation needed ]}

Japan [edit]

A maiko in the Gion district of Kyoto, Japan, in full make-upwardly. The manner of the lipstick indicates that she is notwithstanding new.

In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to pigment the eyebrows and edges of the eyes also as the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' hair wax, were used past geisha every bit a makeup base of operations. Rice powder colors the face and back; rouge contours the eye socket and defines the olfactory organ.^{[xv] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black paint) colours the teeth for the anniversary, chosen Erikae, when maiko (amateur geisha) graduate and become contained. The geisha would also sometimes use bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Western asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Islamic republic of iran from ancient periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a black powder that is used widely across the Western farsi Empire. It is used every bit a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner.^[xvi] Later on Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the real look in order to mislead or cause uncontrolled desire.^{[ commendation needed ]} In Islamic police force, despite these requirements, there is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be made of substances that harm 1's body.

An early teacher in the tenth century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-book medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th book was dedicated to cosmetics. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of present-day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He also used oily substances chosen Adhan for medication and beautification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to use cosmetics include the ancient Greeks ^{[5] [6]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the use of cosmetics was common amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented past certain Roman writers, who thought it to be confronting the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and after by Christian writers who expressed like sentiments in a slightly dissimilar context. Pliny the Elderberry mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Pale faces were a trend during the European Center Ages. In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to achieve stake pare. Spanish prostitutes wore pink makeup to contrast pale skin.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to evidence that they were upper class.^[17] Use of cosmetics continued in Center Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[18] during the later 16th century in the Due west, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the production among the upper grade.^{[ vague ] [18]} Cosmetics connected to exist used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly alleged makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use past actors,^[xix] with many famous actresses of the time, such every bit Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century fashion ideals of women appearing delicate, feminine and pale were accomplished by some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their optics to announced larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly past many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was generally frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the use of corrective products.

Americas and Commonwealth of australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for ceremonial events or battle.^{[ citation needed ]} Similar practices were followed by Aboriginals in Australia.

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19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics manufacture began to grow due to a rise in "visual self-awareness," a shift in the perception of colour cosmetics, and improvements in the safety of products.^[20] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and access to reflective devices stifled people's ability to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in plow, limited the need for a cosmetic market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their own products at home. Several technological advancements in the latter one-half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the home and in public, increased consciousness of one'due south appearance and created a demand for corrective products that improved one's image.^[20]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and like products made from domicile were found to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their utilise. Discoveries of non-toxic cosmetic ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow'southward 1866 utilise of zinc oxide as a face powder, and the distribution of corrective products past established companies such equally Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[20] Skincare, along with "face painting" products like powders, also became in-demand products of the cosmetics manufacture. The mass advertisements of cold cream brands such as Pond's through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a loftier demand for the product. These advertisement and corrective marketing styles were presently replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[twenty]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture by beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early 1900s, makeup was non excessively popular. In fact, women hardly wore makeup at all. Make-up at this time was still mostly the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the blackness & white screen.^[21] Face enameling (applying actual pigment to the face) became popular amid the rich at this time in an endeavor to look paler. This practice was unsafe due to the chief ingredient often being arsenic.^[22] Pale peel was associated with wealth because information technology meant that one was not out working in the sunday and could afford to stay inside all day. Cosmetics were then unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could simply exist bought at theatrical costume stores. A woman's "makeup routine" often only consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered newspaper/oil blotting canvass, to whiten the nose in the winter and smoothen their cheeks in the summertime. Rouge was considered provocative, so was merely seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became high in demand considering it was used on chapped lips, as a base for pilus tonic, and soap.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early on 1900s, but only lavender water or refined cologne was open-door for women to wearable.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the name "Mum". Ringlet-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, brand-upwardly became fashionable in the The states and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such equally Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the most typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror beauty book showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to wearable. With that said, men frequently saw rouge equally a mark of sex and sin, and rouging was considered an admission of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to go far a misdemeanor for women under the age of xl-four to wear cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a imitation impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was i of the first to propose using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the heart and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was also presented in this beauty book, created from gum Arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett developed cosmetic tattooing during this time menses. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, ruby-red lips, and dark eyebrows. He also was able to tattoo men disfigured in the Kickoff World State of war by inserting skin tones in damaged faces and by covering scars with colors more pleasing to the eye.^[27] Max Factor opened up a professional makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to purchase theatrical eye shadow and eyebrow pencils for their dwelling utilize.

In the 1920s, the film manufacture in Hollywood had the about influential impact on cosmetics. Stars such every bit Theda Bara had a substantial result on the makeup industry. Helena Rubinstein was Bara's makeup artist; she created mascara for the actress, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this time were Max Factor, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the nowadays day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the virtually popular cosmetics of this time, more and so than rouge and powder, because they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[thirty] The Flapper mode also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark optics, red lipstick, cherry nail polish, and the suntan, invented equally a fashion statement by Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in part considering it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the key constituent of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early on commercial mascaras, similar Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny brush into hot h2o, rub the beard on the cake, remove the excess by rolling the castor onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and then employ the mascara as if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvas.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, invented modern constructed hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The first patent for a nail polish was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pink. It's not clear how night this rose was, just any girl whose nails were tipped in whatsoever pink darker than a baby's blush risked gossip about being "fast."^[31] Previously, simply agronomical workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins equally pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel's adoption of the suntan, dozens of new fake tan products were produced to help both men and women achieve the "sun-kissed" look. In Asia, skin whitening continued to represent the ideal of dazzler, equally it does to this mean solar day.

In the time period after the First World War, at that place was a boom in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon's world. Face-lifts were performed as early as 1920, but it wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[33] During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved effectually women. Men only participated in the practice if they had been disfigured past the war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increment public awareness near plastic surgery. As a outcome, in 1982, the Us Supreme Court granted physicians the legal right to advertise their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements often made the surgeries seem adventure-free, even though they were annihilation but. The American Order for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reported that more than 2 million Americans elected to undergo corrective procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction being the virtually pop. Breast augmentations ranked 2d, while numbers three, four, and five went to eye surgery, face-lifts, and chemical peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an endeavor to lighten their complexion also as hair straightening to appear whiter. Pare bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and deemed for a massive thirty to l percent of all advertisements in the blackness press of the decade.^[35] Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches independent caustic chemicals such as hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the peel. These bleaches could cause severe dermatitis and even death in loftier dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual'southward risk. In the 1970s, at least five companies started producing make-upwards for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Face makeup and lipstick did not piece of work for night skin types because they were created for pale skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale pare tones only fabricated nighttime pare announced grayness. Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second World War, cosmetics were in short supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this fourth dimension when they were restricted, lipstick, pulverisation, and face cream were most desirable and near experimentation was carried out for the post war period. Cosmetic developers realized that the state of war would upshot in a astounding boom afterwards, so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" after the state of war because they were the oldest established. Pond's had this same appeal in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were i of the first to give its products fantasy names, such every bit the lipsticks in "lantern ruddy" and "sea coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced by feminism decided to go without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protestation, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[40] and accouterments of what they perceived to exist enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural look" for solar day and a more sexualized image for evening. Non-allergic makeup appeared when the blank face was in style every bit women became more interested in the chemical value of their makeup.^[41] Modern developments in technology, such every bit the High-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying power in wear than their predecessors.^[42] The prime cosmetic of the fourth dimension was heart shadow, though; women also were interested in new lipstick colors such as lilac, dark-green, and silver.^[43] These lipsticks were oft mixed with pale pinks and whites, then women could create their own individual shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market in this decade, with Revlon giving them broad publicity.^[43] This product was practical to the forehead, lower cheeks, and mentum. Contouring and highlighting the face with white middle shadow cream besides became popular. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole corrective manufacture in full general opened opportunities for women in business as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are at present widely bachelor from dedicated internet-but retailers,^[46] who accept more recently been joined online by established outlets, including major section stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Like most industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies. In the U.South., the Nutrient and Drug Assistants (FDA) does not approve or review cosmetics, although it does regulate the colors that tin can exist used in hair dyes. Corrective companies are not required to written report injuries resulting from use of their products.^[47]

Although modernistic makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics normally associated to women to raise their own facial features. Concealer is commonly used by corrective-witting men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products especially tailored for men, and men are using such products more ordinarily.^[48] There is some controversy over this, even so, as many feel that men who article of clothing makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and do not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, however, view this every bit a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men also have the right to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women do.

Today the market of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Nippon: Nippon is the second largest marketplace in the world. Regarding the growth of this market place, cosmetics in Japan accept entered a menstruation of stability. However, the marketplace situation is quickly changing. Now consumers can admission a lot of information on the Internet and choose many alternatives, opening up many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to see the various needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the basis of the value of shipments by brand manufacturer. With a growth rate of 0.ane%, the market was almost unchanged from the previous year.^[49]
• Russian federation: I of the most interesting emerging markets, the fifth largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching US$13.v billion.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such equally more complicated dwelling skin-care regimens, hair color preserving products, and beauty tools.^[l] Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased past up to 70% because of quarantining and face up-roofing mandates.^[51]

Run across also [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric art
• Symbolic civilization
• Blombos Cave

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 17 (7–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Power, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Art". In Berghaus, G. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Red ochre, body painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-19-156767-4.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (1 September 2010). "The pigments from Height Point Cave 13B, Western Cape, Southward Africa". Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:x.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Aboriginal Greece. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Printing. ISBN978-1-43981-213-6.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical World. 102 (3): 291–310. doi:10.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What'southward That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering science News. 77 (28): 31. doi:x.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya North. (xviii Jan 2010). "Ancient Arab republic of egypt's Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Flower deities marking the lunar months with stories of Dearest & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Regime Information Office, Democracy of China. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved xx November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". Due west & East 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Clan. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ dead link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". China Today . Retrieved viii October 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese wearable. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-vi. For example, the Huadian or brow decoration was said to accept originated in the South Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early on spring and a light cakewalk brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum blossom for some reason could not be washed off or removed in any fashion. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and suddenly became all the rage among the girls of the commoners. It is therefore chosen the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular amid the women for a long fourth dimension in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (Oct 2001). "Make-Up of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on 9 Feb 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in dazzler and art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. xix (4): 375–386. doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Autumn (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. University of Oregon Schoolhouse of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 17 January 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. New York Metropolis: St. Martin'due south Printing. ISBN978-0-312-19914-ii.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Do I Look?". Beauty Imagined. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-half dozen.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (v May 2016). "A History of Make-up & Style: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved 19 May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Beauty. New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-2. ^{[ page needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". L'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modernistic Confront: Corrective Surgery". Social Research. 67 (1): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women'south Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Journal of Magazine Media. 15 (1). doi:10.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Projection MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob Southward. (i June 2011). "Skin bleach and civilization: the racial formation of blackness in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Periodical of Pan African Studies. 4 (4): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modernistic Living: Black Cosmetics". Time. 29 June 1970. Retrieved nine February 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Diplomacy. vi (1): 127–149. doi:ten.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Voice of the Women'southward Liberation Movement. p. 4.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products". Charles Ross & Son Company . Retrieved 7 June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 5.
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48. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. iii March 2005. Archived from the original on xiii May 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively irresolute," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
50. ^ "The beauty trends customers are ownership during Covid-nineteen". Faddy Business. 10 August 2020. Retrieved ii April 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-nineteen upended the 'lipstick index'". The Guardian. eighteen Dec 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Brand-upward. London, UK: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Dazzler Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Make-Up: Looking Your Best in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face project: Women try no-makeup experiment". Usa Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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